![]() This concept of investing in a large number of small things has support in both Taiwan and the United States. The prospect of failure, or the economic, international, and domestic political costs of a protracted conflict, could deter China from initiating an invasion that could be thrown back or that could drag on with adverse domestic and international consequences. (ret.) Lee Hsi-min, chief of staff of Taiwan’s armed forces from 2017 to 2019, developed and advocated an overall defense concept, the principal innovation of which was to supplement legacy aircraft and ships with asymmetric capabilities based on “a large number of small things.” 7 Lee supported the continued acquisition of small quantities of advanced F-16 fighters and indigenous submarines for missions such as responding to gray-zone incursions, but he argued that those expensive but potentially vulnerable legacy systems should be complemented with large quantities of small, mobile, affordable, and resilient anti-air and anti-ship systems that could survive initial strikes and effectively resist airborne or amphibious invasion.Įffective short-range anti-air and anti-ship defenses could increase the risk that an invasion attempt would fail or be substantially delayed either in the water or on the island. Observers have suggested that Taiwan adopt this kind of “porcupine strategy” since at least 2008. ![]() 5 This analysis is based in part on interviews with current and former officials of the United States and Taiwan, and in part on publicly available information.Īdopting an asymmetric defense that would leverage Taiwan’s natural advantages and exploit the vulnerabilities of the People’s Liberation Army is not a new or novel concept. This work is part of a broader effort by the National Security Task Force at the Hoover Institution to examine the emerging Indo-Pacific security landscape. 3 Following up on a suggestion by Robert Blackwill and Philip Zelikow in their Council on Foreign Relations report that advanced technology could provide advantages for the defense of Taiwan, 4 we have undertaken an assessment of the potential for distributed, survivable, affordable defenses to further complicate that difficult task and make Taiwan a harder target against invasion. Implementation of a strategy that includes a large number of small things could leverage Taiwan’s geographic and technological advantages, exploit the People’s Liberation Army’s vulnerabilities, and help to deter an attempt to take the island by force.Īn airborne or amphibious invasion across the Taiwan strait would be an extraordinarily complex and difficult task. But they are unlikely to survive the initial strikes of any cross-strait invasion. Taiwan’s expensive conventional platforms are useful to counter gray-zone incursions and they have political and industrial benefits as well. Xi has also made explicit that “We make no promise to abandon the use of force, and retain the option of taking all necessary measures.” 2 The high end of the range of such measures would be an attempt to take Taiwan by force.ĭistributed, survivable, and affordable defenses could greatly complicate an attempt to invade Taiwan by the People’s Liberation Army. 1 To that end, the People’s Liberation Army has upped the range and intensity of its gray-zone activities, including frequent intrusions into airspace and waters in close proximity to Taiwan. In his Jspeech at Tiananmen Square to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party, General Secretary Xi Jinping reiterated the party’s commitment to what it calls “reunification” with Taiwan.
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Most of them do well with other canines as well as cats particularly of brought up with them. Their affectionate nature and intelligence also make them useful in therapy as well as guide dogs for the visually impaired. Their strength along with immense determination and courage make them be used as military and police dogs for search works. ![]() You get to see an aggressive side of these high-spirited dogs only when they are out to protect their family from any harm, making them excel as great watch and guard dogs. However, this loving, cheerful dog possesses an alert, watchful nature and could be highly reserved and wary at the sight of an unknown face into their domain. They are exceptionally patient and gentle towards kids, though older children in the family are better suited to handle this rambunctious dog which could knock down the little ones in pursuit of play. Out of excitement, it could often let out a vocalization, commonly sounding like a “wo-wo”, particularly when it needs something and trying to draw your attention regarding the same. His clownish antics in the form of twisting, jumping and doing somersaults would leave everyone in the household amazed and entertained.ĭo not get surprised if you see your Boxer breaking into a cute dance by twisting its body in semi-circles just like a kidney bean, which it mostly engages in when excited. The Boxer has an exciting disposition indeed as it is the most faithful and loyal companion a master can ask for. However, this notion has been contradicted by many, and other theories have also been circulated in this regard. It has been said that the breed’s tendency of playing by getting up on its hind limbs as well as boxing using its paws, has earned it the name Boxer. At present, the Boxer is 10 of America’s most popular dogs. ![]() Though the American Kennel Club had acknowledged the first Boxer in the year 1904, its popularity enhanced in the 1950s when Bang Away, a Boxer who won at the Westminster Dog show attained fame. The modern Boxer, however, grew to be an elegant and sleek breed serving as watchdogs, cattle dogs, police dogs, guard dogs, war dogs, and service dogs. They obtained a fresh lease of life on being bred with mastiff-kind dogs imported from Britain which were comparatively smaller in size. However, as the importance of the nobles diminished by the first half of the 19 th century, these dogs too lost significance. The Bullenbeisser had been used by the German nobles for hunting big games such as bears, wild boars, and bison. Though the ancestors of the Boxers are said to be the Assyrian war dogs which existed as early as 2500 B.C., the breed of the recent time has been developed from the Bullenbeisser, which is extinct as of now. ![]() Progressive tax means that the more a person earns, the more they have to pay in taxes. California Income TaxesĬalifornia also has a progressive income tax, and there are no flat income rates. More details on estate taxes in California are described further in the article. Note: there is no specific estate tax in California. Gas tax: 51.10 cents per gallon of gasoline, 38.90 cents per gallon of diesel.Property tax: 0.73% average effective rate.Income tax: 1% – 13.3% (progressive tax).The company offers the services of accountants who ensure filing taxes in California according to all the rules. If you need help with taking care of personal or business tax returns, then consider using the help of a highly qualified CPA from an accounting company. If a taxpayer owns less than $61,214 annually, then the marginal rate in California is 8%. California income taxes vary depending on the taxpayer’s income. Moreover, the average homeowner pays around 0.73% of their actual home value as a real estate tax annually. California’s top marginal income tax rate, 13.3%, is the highest in the United States. ![]() The base sales tax rate is 7.25% which is higher than in any other state. Be sure to consult a relevant professional.Ĭalifornia has some of the highest taxes within the US. The information presented here may be incomplete or out of date. These topics are complex and constantly changing. ![]() This material has been prepared for informational purposes only, and should not be relied upon for tax, legal, or investment purposes. This article is not intended to provide tax, legal, or investment advice. ![]()
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